Business continuity and disaster recovery Essay

The mission-critical business systems and services that must be protected by this DRP are as follows: Payroll, Human Resource Data, POS backup media, and Web Servers and their services. b. Internal, External, and Environmental Risks b. i. Examples of internal risks that may affect business are unauthorized access by individuals who are employed by the company, and those who aren’t employed by the company but still have access to individual store’s computer systems, applications, or areas where the servers and backup media are located. Other external and environmental risks include fire, floods, power outages, hardware failure, software glitches and failure, storms, and other acts of nature. II. Disaster Recovery Strategy a. Most cases, having an alternative site (a hot site, or cold site depending on the disaster) would be the correct way of dealing with most disasters. As well as having a backup and retention site to work from, and recover from for the main servers and web services. b. Unwanted access can be turned off, or excluded when logged in via a monitoring service, as well as time restricted login. Any unauthorized logins will be recorded and terminated as well as site information and tracing information. Security measures are implied (camera, onsite security, etc. ). III. Disaster Test Plan a. Monthly walkthroughs of the equipment, as well as quality assurance through the electric company, Internet Service providers, will ensure upkeep of the facilities main sources of outside connection as well as power. Weekly walkthroughs from management will keep the records up to date, as well as daily walkthroughs by IT will keep day to day evaluations up to date. b. Working with the electric company, as well as the internet service provider for the company will ensure that during a â€Å"Blackout† that services will be restored or alternative accommodations are made. Such as Internet Service Provider at the main location has been lost, the backup â€Å"hot† site is then initiated and work to restore the main site is commenced as well as recorded. If the hot site is compromised as well, the cold site and/or the backup media site will then come into play. This goes for in an event where power is lost, or a natural disaster happens at the main location, the services then begin on alternative sites where backup has been made, or at least working services implemented. c. Unwanted access will again be monitored and recorded, as well as terminated upon login. d. During a full interruption of service, where the site as well as backup media, hot site, and cold site are not accessible, emergency protocol is implemented to recover main site as soon as possible with minimal loss. In worst case scenario, the hot site will become the main site until main site become available again.

Land Question and Ethnicity in Darjeeling Hills Essay

ABSTRACT Although economic factors are often considered as essential for augmenting ethnic movements, the analytic relationship between economic issues and ethnicity is far from being clear cut. In an attempt to address the problem of ethnicity in a non-Marxist theoretical plane, most of the studies on ethnic problems inadvertently indulge such logical inconsistencies. Such a critical reading led us to conceptualize ethnicity as a lived-in category – much like the concepts of class or caste – where both the material and cultural domain of routine life congregates. With the help of a case study of the Gorkhaland movement in the Darjeeling Hills (India) and the input of a particular field of material predisposition – namely, the issues related with land and agrarian social formation, this paper attempts to argue that ethnic movements are a dynamic podium wherein the encoded meanings of material and/or economic issues/grievances are decoded in cultural idioms. Even if the discussions on ethnicity have an inbuilt tendency to develop a theoretical plane that criticizes Marxian class analysis and demands an autonomous conceptual frame duly encouraged by post-Marxist and poststructuralist/postmodernist theoretical renditions, literatures on ethnicity for the most part have stressed economic factors, in some way or the other. Hence, finding available studies, which have made considerable advances in understanding the problem of Gorkha ethnicity, that have concentrated their focus on economic factors as the root cause of ethnic antagonism and conflict in the Darjeeling Hills (West Bengal, India) is common. ‘Economic stagnation’ (Dasgupta 1988), ‘uneven implementation of development policies’ (Chakrabarty 1988), ‘economic deprivation and negligence’ (Bura Magar 1994; Lama 1988; McHenry Jr. 2007; Nanda 1987), ‘petty-bourgeoisie aggrandisements against the dominance of monopoly capitalists of the Centre and the State’ (Sarkar 1988), ‘economic negligence, exploitation, and unavailability of white-collar jobs’ (Chadha 2005), ‘growing unemployment and step motherly attitude of the state regarding the overall development of the hill areas’ (Timsina 1992), ‘uneven development’ (Dasgupta 1999; Datta 1991), ‘endemic poverty, underdevelopment, and the perception of being â€Å"malgoverned†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Ganguly 2005), are some such factors many scholars put as the root cause of the Gorkhaland movement in the Darjeeling Hills. However, none of these studies have made it abundantly clear how economic conditions – the domain of the material – are linked to the desires of ethnic separatism, which conceptually remained under the rubric of culture – the non-material. Again, if the economic factors remarkably remained so significant, as the studies show, then why ultimately the cultural warpath (i.e., 81 ethnic conflict) and not an economic one (i.e., class conflict) appeared as a suitable remedial strategy? One obvious question arises thus: how the ‘material’ is transposed into ‘cultural’? The present paper is an attempt to answer such questions by analyzing the case of the Gorkha ethnicity and movement as it emerged out of the people’s grievances experienced through their quotidian life processes cloaked in their relative positions within the structural inequality. In fact, ethnic identity much like the issues of class or caste is a lived-in category that emerges out of the perception of reality and receives constant reformulation, since the reality is itself dynamic. In our treatment ethnic identification – much like all other identifications – is overall rooted in the larger canvas of social experience, which determines the processes of framing contending relationships between and among groups based on their varying capacity of possessing the valued and scarce resources available in the society. Instead of pinpointing the causes of the movement, our analysis attempts to show that the assertion of Gorkha ethnic identity has had payoffs with respect to resource access and utilization and that the protracted struggle of the Gorkhas for separate statehood is that trajectory wherein both the cultural and material aspects of routine life coalesce. Sometimes this happens even without an immediate ethnic ‘other’. This is particularly the case, as the study shows, with the hill agrarian sector. It thus becomes imperative that the problem should be studied in a historical plane putting utmost emphasis on the social formation of the Darjeeling Hills, which would help us focus the pattern of resource distribution on an ethnic plane vis-à  -vis the question of structural inequality. The importance of treating the issue of Gorkhaland movement as a historical phenomenon can hardly be ignored, especially when one finds that the Darjeeling Hills has experienced a century long historicity of protest – sometimes accommodative, sometimes violent – to achieve a separate politico-administrative arrangement for self rule. Moreover, the historical perspective is needed to show the fundamental changes that have taken place within the social formation of the region since the colonial days and had corresponding effects for furthering the cause of the movement in the post-colonial period. Therefore, a proper historical analysis of ethnicity can help us understand how the grievances of the masses were articulated and were translated into the courses of violent action, how new equations came up because of state intervention and how the overall dynamics of the movement kept on rolling, putting ethnicity at the center stage. SOCIAL FORMATION AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Indeed, there can never be a single cause of an ethnic movement that stretched over a century.1 However, our concern regarding the causes of Gorkhaland movement is not about degree but of kind, by which we mean that Gorkha ethnicity, or for that matter the Gorkhaland movement, is embedded in the social formation of the Darjeeling Hills. It is neither entirely the product of primordial sentiments nor even the result of elite manipulation, but had been the outcome of a dynamic social formation that reproduced its productive forces, relations of production, as well as the relations of subjugation and exploitation meted out by its incumbents. The onus of social formation in augmenting the cause of social movement has been stressed by most of the major theoretical paradigms in some form or the other. For example, functionalism, though lately emerging from its erstwhile position of bracketing social movements as pathological social behavior, became increasingly concerned with the analysis of social movement as a variety of (normal) collective action and showed the necessity of framing a general hypothesis on the social system while analyzing social movements as a collective phenomenon of some sort. Likewise, symbolic interactionism and resource mobilization theory, in their attempts to analyze social movement, put stress on the relational structures and on the complex processes of interaction mediated by certain networks of belonging, respectively. The Marxist tradition, perhaps, has given utmost emphasis on the necessity to view social movements in relation to structural arrangements available in the social formation. Each social formation is rooted in a particular structure of relationship and movement is not the cause but the outcome of the differentially arranged social order in which privileges and rewards are more in possession of some minority groups compared with the majority others. Even the post-Marxist or for that matter the New Social Movement (NSM) perspective in their zeal to study the identity-based movements as manifestations of post-material claims hardly denied the importance of social formation while understanding the so-called post-material claims of the NSMs. In outlining the principles for the analysis of collective action, Melucci (1996:24) – a prominent figure of NSM school – points out that the analytical field of the NSMs depends on the systems of relationships within which such action takes place and toward which it is directed. The recorded history of the Gorkhaland movement suggests that the first spurt of the movement can be marked out in the year 1907 when the hill people submitted a memorandum – for the first time – to the colonial government urging separation from the then Bengal and the need to formulate a separate administrative arrangement for the Darjeeling Hills. ALTHUSSER, SOCIAL FORMATION, AND THE DYNAMICS OF RURAL DARJEELING Taking a cue from the centrality of social formation in the study of social movement as analyzed above, an attempt has been made to focus on the social formation of the Darjeeling Hills2 and its contribution to the development of a protracted ethnic movement in the region. Our treatment of the concept of social formation is Althusserian in inspiration and is viewed as a complex whole composed of concrete economic, political and ideological relations that provide the pretext upon which the consolidation of selfhood of the individual or the group within a given social space becomes feasible. It is worth mentioning here instead of using such terms like ‘social system’, ‘social order’ or for that matter ‘society,’ Althusser (1997) preferred the use of ‘social formation’. Since he believed while terms like ‘social system’ and ‘social order’ presupposes a structure that reduces the form of all its emanations, ‘society’ as a concept is loaded with pre-Marxist humanist conception that treats social life as ultimately the product of individual human beings. Althusser has used the concept of social formation with some broader theoretical appeal. He problematized the so-called base-superstructure module by bringing together the notions of social system, order, and society closer to his postMarxist formulation of social formation. Social formation, for Althusser, is constituted of a complex of concrete economic, political, and ideological relations, bound together and given their particular character as capitalist, feudal or whatever by the fact that economic relations, is the ‘determinant in the last instance.’ Conceived in this manner the concept of social formation presupposes that under this model social reality is neither determined, nor to be explained by a single causal variable but always by the whole structure (a notion that he labels as ‘overdetermination’), which remains amenable to the economic determinant only in the last instance. The uniqueness in Althusser’s concept of social formation lies in the fact that it problematizes the ‘base-superstructure’ relationship (that remains central, almost invariably, to the whole realm of post-Marxist scholarship) to that extreme of Darjeeling has been one of the prominent hill stations developed by the British i n colonial India.

ESL Learning, Teaching Direct Objects

A direct object is a person or thing that directly affected by the action of a verb. For example: Jennifer bought a book.Egan ate an apple. In the first sentence, a book is affected because it is bought by Jennifer. In the second sentence, an apple disappeared because it was eaten by Egan. Both of the objects are directly affected by a specific action. In other words, they are direct objects. Direct Objects Answer Questions Direct objects answer the questions: What was affected by the action of the verb? or Who was affected by the action of the verb? For example: Thomas sent a letter. - What was sent? - a letter / letter is a direct objectFrank kissed Angela. - Who was kissed? - Angela / Angela is a direct object Direct objects can be nouns, proper nouns (names), pronouns, phrases, and clauses. Nouns as Direct Objects Direct objects can be nouns (things, objects, people, etc.). For example: Jennifer bought a book. - The direct object book is a noun.Egan ate an apple. - The direct object apple is a noun. Pronouns as Direct Objects Pronouns can be used as direct objects. Its important to note that pronouns used as direct objects must take the object pronoun form. Object pronouns include me, you, him, her, it, us, you, and them. For example: I watched it last week. - it (a television show) is an object pronoun.Shes going to visit them next month. - them (a few people) is an object pronoun. Phrases as Direct Objects Gerunds (ing form) and gerund phrases and infinitives (to do) and infinitive phrases can also function as direct objects. For example: Tom enjoys watching TV. - watching TV (gerund phrase) functions as the direct object of the verb enjoy.I hope to finish soon. - to finish soon (infinitive phrase) functions as the direct object of the verb finish. Clauses as Direct Objects Clauses contain both a subject and a verb. This type of longer phrase can also be used as a direct object of a verb in another clause. For example: Hank believes that she is doing well at school. - that she is doing well at school directly tells us what Hank believes. This dependent clause functions as a direct object.She hasnt decided where she is going on vacation. - where she is going on vacation answers the question What has she not decided yet? it functions as a direct object.

Frankenstein, By Mary Shelley - 1703 Words

For generations, millions have been captivated by stories of terror, treacherousness and tragedy. During the Gothic era, such tales became broadly beloved to the point where there’s numerous acclaimed novellas being published. Among those works such as Mr. Hyde and Dr. Jeckyll, resides Frankenstein; the story tells of immoral actions, a forbidden goal, and downfall of the protagonist, Victor Frankenstein. To the stupendous story, Victor’s position contributes in the Satanic hero archetype way. The work Frankenstein, which was written by Mary Shelley, included heroes that are antagonist characters amongst many other literary devices that possibly may have fabricated Frankenstein’s exemplarity. Throughout the story, Shelly cleverly and clearly three elements that expose Victor’s role as an antagonist hero by interweaving the theme of a doppelganger, biblical allusion, and nature vs. nurture during the novel’s composition. By choosing to include an antagonist hero, the plot becomes a strict criteria, which Shelley confines it to be so. Also Shelly chose his true nature, in favor of creating a more fascinating and distinguished plot. Due to writing generations ago and excellent incorporation of elements, she created an enduring novel. Based on her talent, which is clearly shown, she provided an example of what adept authors still does in the present and what they accomplished in the past. Frankenstein use of a specific formal device, which is Gothic mode that relates to one itsShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1650 Words   |  7 Pagesbook of Frankenstein does one just think of a mythical science fiction book that really has no meaning? Frankenstein can have numerous meanings depending on how a person perceives it. Frankenstein can be analyzed into many themes; some say religion, feminism, or scientific symbolization, it all depends on ones own perception. When one analyzes further into Mary Shelly’s life and then interprets the novel it is obvious that is a sociological theme. One can simply assume that Mary Shelley creates FrankensteinRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley1093 Words   |  4 Pagesfaster than man can contend with. That argument is the premises, moral, and plot base for Mary Shelleys tale Frankenstein. On the other hand, J. Michael Bishops, essay Enemies of Promise   on the other hand promotes and boast sciences achievements. However, Mary Shelley presents her point of view subtly yet very dramatically, which is much more effective than that of J. Michael Bishop. The dramatic story Shelley creates becomes a part of the reader, therefore holding the readers attention. ShelleysRead MoreMary Shelley Fr ankenstein859 Words   |  4 Pages Mary Shelley The Creature in Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus† needs a companionship as every ordinary human. Every man needs a woman, who will able to share moments of happiness and sadness, a woman who will be able to share thoughts and of course a woman who will be able to love a man. In this case the Creature needs a bride. But the problem is that the Creature from the â€Å"Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus† is not a human. SoRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1138 Words   |  5 PagesIs Frankenstein a man, whose ambition led to a disaster; or a monster, which created a life with disregard for the human race? Frankenstein, in my opinion, was the monster not the life that he had created. Frankenstein never admitted to his family what he had done, never admitted responsibility for his actions. He might as well have killed Elizabeth, William, Justine, and Clerval with his own hand. The so called â€Å"Monster† only wanted companionship; he did not want to murder those people. TheRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1325 Words   |  6 PagesI have been informed that you are pushing to remove the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley from the school curriculum. I’ve decided to write to you and explain why I believe that you are misinformed, and in fact, why this is a huge importance to the students of today. Frankenstein is a classic which recounts the life and horrors of Victor Frankenstein, as told through a series of letters and narrations. His obsession with the natural world and science brings him to a state of mind which ultimatelyRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1580 Words   |  7 PagesFrankenstein by Mary Shelley is a sci-fi novel written during the Romantic Movement in Britain’s early nineteenth century. The movement was stimulated by the French Revolution, Industrial Revolution and in reaction against the emphasis on reason in eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosophy (The Romantic Movement, 2014 ). Mary Shelley’s husband, Percy Shelley was also a romantic poet during the movement. Shelley’s novel is evidently influenced by her relationship with her husband, which is illustratedRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley739 Words   |  3 Pagesinterconnections of humanity, nature, and divinity (â€Å"Romanticism 1†). English Romanticism being trendy in Europe, people would vent their outlooks onto their personal fiction works such as Mary Shelley. Shelley uses vivid creativity and romantic elements to create one of her admired novels, Frankenstein. In Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, most of the characters prove their compassion for mankind, prove their rejection of technology and science, and prove their involvement in a romantic quest. These several characteristicsRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1040 Words   |  5 Pages In 1818, a book titled Frankenstein was published anonymously, mysteriously dedicated to William Godwin, a prominent journal ist and political philosopher of his time. The immediate reviews of the novel were mixed, most edging towards critical, although no one knew who the book was written by. However, while Frankenstein failed to gain popularity immediately, no one had any idea the lasting impact this novel would have on the world. Despite the lukewarm reception at its debut, it soon proved to beRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1078 Words   |  5 PagesMary Shelley’s Frankenstein has undoubtedly withstood the test of time. Frankenstein’s direct association with fundamental Gothic literature is extremely renowned. However, the novel’s originality is derived from the foundational thematic values found within the relationship (or lack there of) between Victor Frankenstein and the monster he had created, in combination with a fascinatingly captivating plot. Understandably, Frankenstein can often be associated with a multitude of concepts; however,Read MoreFrankenstein, By Mary She lley1532 Words   |  7 PagesLike any author, especially one who created a new genre, there will be criticism, and Shelley is no exception. Shelley received criticism surrounding Frankenstein not only because she was a female writer, but because of her writing style. Originally, Frankenstein was published anonymously and was thought that her husband, Percy Shelley, wrote it (â€Å"Mary Shelley Biography† 2016). Shelley may have published Frankenstein anonymously because â€Å"’women understood that they got a â€Å"better hearing† if it was thought

No More Weird Architecture And Its Effect On The...

Introduction All kinds of strange landmarks in China has exceeded â€Å"the Tyrant city: Dubai† where its was also described as the contemporary architectural museum. Chinese cities are entering the era of the craziest, however, its soon coming to an end. Last month Xi Jinping’s comment, â€Å"No more weird architecture has caused an uproar in the construction industry: the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development is organising expert discussions will likely strengthen the construction of public buildings in particular approval; local governments are actively discuss how to implement the spirit of the speech; at the same time, at least some public bidding projects have begun to be affected; Architects and developers have begun to debate,†¦show more content†¦In order to understand, we will start looking at Chinese modern architecture from China’s construction boom period when China started to introduce international architects and internal migrant workers, their influence and affect on Chinese modern architecture. Background of Contemporary Architecture and construction/ The Globalisation influence ( Chinese modern architecture: more influenced by the west) In retrospect, this boom is solely responsible for modern China’s architectural movement, and this only truly began in the last 15 years. Just 20 years ago, there were no private architectural firms in China, only state-run institutes. Due to the huge demands of the rapid urbanisation of Mainland China starting from 2008 olympics, there was a sudden need for architects and planners to facilitate construction, and this itself forced a transition in architectural production to take place, as the local workforce – both architects and labourers - did not possess the necessary capacity alone. This led to an influx of international architects and migrant workers into China. One might say that the construction boom is a golden opportunity for millions of people to earn a decent salary and improve their living standards, moving on from poverty. In fact, the Olympics attracted millions of migrant workers from the rural villages. From an economics point of view, this is an opportunity to stimulate the economy

Statistical Inference & Regression Analysis Free Sample

Question: 1. Use the same data that was used in Assignment 1 which is the SWEETS-4-U2 data for the previous year which consists of 52 weekly values of the sales and costs for the two popular product lines namely Forgive and Rejoice. These two products are both wrapped chocolates sold by weight. The only difference between Forgive and Rejoice is that different messages are attached to each type of chocolate. The Forgive chocolates have messages like Sorry, Forgive Me and Trust Me and the Rejoice chocolates have messages like Celebrate, Have Fun and I Love You. The 52 Sales and Cost values for both types of chocolate are given in SWEETS-4-U2.xls. The Accountant for SWEETS-4-U2 is worried that the business is spending too much on advertising for Rejoice as sales now exceed what the firm has budgeted for. In the business plan the firm had assumed that the average weekly sales for Rejoice was $450. If sales are more than $450 then the firm will be able to reduce its advertising spending. (You can use Excel or your calculator for any calculations.) [a] Using Excel and the weekly sales data find the mean and standard deviation of Rejoice Sales. [b] Find the 90% interval estimate of the average weekly sales for Rejoice. [c] Using a level of significance of a = 0.05 test whether the average of the weekly sales for Rejoice are more than 450. [d] Briefly explain what a Type I error and what a Type II error are and what are their costs or consequences in this problem. [e] Find the p value in this situation. Explain what the p value is and how we would use the p value to test the hypotheses. [f] Using the p value test the hypotheses when the level of significance is a = 0.10 [g] Briefly explain how and when we can use an interval estimate when testing hypotheses. 2. Suppose the Sales manager of the Sweets-4-U2 chain of confectionary stores is interested in the relationship between Sales and Total costs for the Rejoice range of chocolates. i.e. how total cost is affected by sales, for the Rejoice product line. The 52 Sales and Cost values for both types of chocolate are given in SWEETS-4-U2.xls. Unless otherwise stated use a level of significance of a = 0.05.) (You can use Excel or your calculator for any calculations.) [a] Obtain the scatter diagram, the covariance and the correlation coefficient for Total Costs and Sales for the Rejoice chocolates. Briefly explain what this graph and these values are telling us about the relationship between Total Costs and Sales [b] Write down the two forms of the Population Regression function you would assume here. Briefly explain how we interpret the conditional mean E(Y | X) and the error term (e). [c] Estimate the sample regression function. Write down your estimated model and briefly explain what the estimated intercept and estimated slope are telling us about the relationship between the Total Costs and Sales for Rejoice chocolates. [d] Using the F statistic, the R-squared value and the p-value for the estimated slope briefly discuss whether this estimated model does or does not show that there is a significant relationship between Total Costs and Sales for Rejoice chocolates. (With a sample of n = 52 you can assume that the critical values for the t statistic are the same as the critical values for a z statistic.) [e] Test the following hypotheses concerning the slope H0 : b1 = 0.8 and H1 : b1 0.8 [f] Using you estimated model forecast the Total Costs when Sales are 200. Comment briefly on how useful this forecast will be. Briefly explain what we mean by the terms Prediction Interval and Confidence Interval [g] Using the F statistic, the R-squared value and the scatter diagram which shows the Residuals on the vertical axis and the values of Sales (our X variable) on the horizontal axis briefly discuss whether our estimated model can be seen as a reliable estimate of the relationship between Total Costs and Sales for Rejoice chocolates. Answer: a) Using Excel and the weekly sales data find the mean and standard deviation of Rejoice Sales. The mean and standard deviation by using excel is given below: b) Find the 90% interval estimate of the average weekly sales for Rejoice. The 90% confidence interval estimate of the average weekly sales for rejoice is given in the following table: c) Using a level of significance of a = 0.05 test whether the average of the weekly sales for Rejoice are more than 450. Here we have to use the one sample t test for the population average of the weekly sales for the Rejoice. The total test with calculations are given below: Null hypothesis: Population average for weekly sales is $450. Alternative hypothesis: Population average for weekly sales is more than $450. One sample t test for Rejoice sales d) Here we reject the null hypothesis that the population average for the weekly sales is $450. Briefly explain what a Type I error and what a Type II error are and what are their costs or consequences in this problem. Type I error is nothing but the probability of the rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true and type II error is the probability of the not rejecting the null hypothesis even though it is not true. For this problem, the type I error is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis that the average of the weekly sales for Rejoice is $450 when actually it is true that the average of the weekly sales for Rejoice is $450. The type II error is the probability of not rejecting the null hypothesis that the average of the weekly sales for Rejoice is $450 when actually it is false that the average of the weekly sales for Rejoice is $450. e) Here we are given a p-value = 0.0833 and we know the following decision rule: Decision rule: We reject the null hypothesis when the p-value is less than the alpha value or level of significance and we do not reject the null hypothesis when the p-value is greater than the alpha value or level of significance. Here, we have alpha value = 0.05 and p-value = 0.0833, that is, we have p-value alpha value, therefore, we do not reject the null hypothesis that the average of the weekly sales for Rejoice is $450. f) Using the p value test the hypotheses when the level of significance is a = 0.10 The t test for the average for alpha = 0.10 is given below: t test for rejoice (alpha = 0.10) Here also we get the p-value = 0.0833 And we have alpha = 0.10 Here, p-value alpha value Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis that the average of the weekly sales for Rejoice is $450. g) Briefly explain how and when we can use an interval estimate when testing hypotheses. If the test statistic value in the testing hypothesis is lies between the lower limit and upper limit of the given confidence interval, then we do not reject the null hypothesis that the average of the weekly sales for Rejoice is $450 and if the test statistic value is out of this confidence interval then we reject the null hypothesis that the average of the weekly sales for Rejoice is $450. The scatter plot for the total costs and sales for the Rejoice Chocolates is given as below: For this scatter plot y represents the total costs and x represents the sales for the rejoice chocolates. The covariance for the total cost and sales is given as below: The correlation coefficient for the total cost and sales is given as below: h) Write down the two forms of the Population Regression function you would assume here. Briefly explain how we interpret the conditional mean E(Y | X) and the error term (e). The two forms of the population regression function is written as below: Y = a + b*X Where Y is dependent variable, X is independent variable, a is the y-intercept and b is the slope of the regression line. In another form of the population regression function is given as below: Total cost = a + b*Sales We interpret the conditional mean E(Y|X) when we already given the mean of the x values or values of independent variable. The error term is nothing but the difference between the predicted value and the actual value. i) Estimate the sample regression function. Write down your estimated model and briefly explain what the estimated intercept and estimated slope are telling us about the relationship between the Total Costs and Sales for Rejoice chocolates. Here we have to estimate the sample regression function. For this regression model, we take the dependent variable y as the total cost and independent variable x as the sales of the rejoice chocolates. The regression analysis by using excel is given as below: Here we get the correlation coefficient as the 0.9723, this indicate that there is high association between the dependent variable total cost and independent variable sales of the rejoice chocolates. There is high linear relationship found between the dependent variable total cost and independent variable sales of the rejoice chocolates. The ANOVA table for this regression model is given as below: The coefficients for the regression equation are given in the following table: The regression equation is given as below: Y = 51.7669 + 1.0014*X Total cost = 51.7669 + 1.0014*sales j) Using the F statistic, the R-squared value and the p-value for the estimated slope briefly discuss whether this estimated model does or does not show that there is a significant relationship between Total Costs and Sales for Rejoice chocolates. (With a sample of n = 52 you can assume that the critical values for the t statistic are the same as the critical values for a z statistic.) Here the F statistic value is given as 865.47 and p-value is given as 0.00. The value of coefficient of determination or R squared is given as 0.9454, this means, about 94.54% of the variation in the dependent variable total cost is explained by the independent variable sales of rejoice chocolates for this regression model. For this regression model, the p-value is given as 0.00 which is less than the level of significance or alpha value 0.05, therefore we reject the null hypothesis that the linear relationship between the dependent variable total cost and independent variable sales of rejoice chocolates is significant. k) Test the following hypotheses concerning the slope H0 : b1 = 0.8 and H1 : b1 0.8 The complete test procedure is given below: Null hypothesis: H0 : b1 = 0.8 Alternative hypothesis: H1 : b1 0.8 Level of significance = alpha = 0.05 Degrees of freedom = n 2 = 52 2 = 50 Critical value = 2.008559072 Test statistic formula is given as below: t = b1 / SE where SE is the standard error and formula for standard error is given as bleow: SE = sb1 = sqrt [ (yi - i)2 / (n - 2) ] / sqrt [ (xi - x)2 ] The standard error is given as SE = 0.1373 Test statistic = t = 0.8 / 0.1373 = 5.8267 Critical value = 2.008559072 Test statistic Critical value Decision rule: Reject null hypothesis when test statistic value critical value Here test statistic value is greater than the critical value, therefore, we reject the null hypothesis that the slope is 0.8. l) Using you estimated model forecast the Total Costs when Sales are 200. Comment briefly on how useful this forecast will be. Briefly explain what we mean by the terms Prediction Interval and Confidence Interval Here we are given value of sales = 200. Now for forecasting the total costs we have to use the above regression model which is given as below: Y = a + b*X Total cost = a + b*Sales Y = 51.7669 + 1.0014*X Total cost = 51.7669 + 1.0014*sales Now, plug sales = 200 in the above regression equation for estimation or forecasting of total costs. Total cost = 51.7669 + 1.0014*200 = 252.0469 Total cost = $252.0469 Prediction interval means, the interval in which the predicted values lies in and the confidence interval means, the interval for which we have exact probability or confidence that the values are lies within this interval. m) Using the F statistic, the R-squared value and the scatter diagram which shows the Residuals on the vertical axis and the values of Sales (our X variable) on the horizontal axis briefly discuss whether our estimated model can be seen as a reliable estimate of the relationship between Total Costs and Sales for Rejoice chocolates. For this regression model, we get the F statistic value as 865.4676 which is very high. The value of coefficient of determination or R squared is given as 0.9454, this means, about 94.54% of the variation in the dependent variable total cost is explained by the independent variable sales of rejoice chocolates for this regression model. The scatter plot clearly shows the linear relationship exist between the dependent variable total cost and independent variable sales of rejoice chocolates. For this regression model, we reject the null hypothesis that the linear relationship between the dependent variable total cost and independent variable sales of rejoice chocolates is significant.

Western Ideas Impact On Civilizations Essay Example For Students

Western Ideas Impact On Civilizations Essay John R ReeveInt’l SeminarPaper 3The first article entitle â€Å"The Summoning† by Fouad Ajami begins with a quote from Marlowe that emphasizes that all civilization has been affected by western ideas and thought. Immediately he attacks Huntington’s essay â€Å"The Clash of Civilizations?† Not only does he demolish the ideas set forth by Huntington, Ajami sets forth his own ideas on the current instability among nations. Ajami does not believe that civilizations will clash over race and does not acknowledge the â€Å"de-westernization† of societies. He believes that Huntington places far too much emphasis on tradition. â€Å"We have been hearing from traditionalists, but we should not exaggerate their power, for traditions are often more insistent and loud when they rupture, when people no longer really believe and when age-old customs lose their ability to keep men and women at home.†His ideas on tradition clearly undercut Huntington’s ideas on the re-emergence of tribalism. He says instead of states splintering because of secular groups they will stay coherent out of necessity and fear of chaos. Ajami sums up his essay with an age-old philosophy of self-help and self-interest. I see this article as a welcomed alternative to the fairly depressing world that Huntington has prescribed for us. We will write a custom essay on Western Ideas Impact On Civilizations specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In â€Å"The End of Progressivism† Eisuke Sakakibara again looks over the history of conflict and does not believe that conflict comes from sheer ethnicity alone. Instead he points to economic and environmental problems. He also denies the premise made by Fukuyama. He argues that we have not entered the end of history but we are still evolving. There are still non-capitalist approaches to government and economy. He points to the example of China’s social market economy. This article seems mainly to deal with the economic side of government and conflict. He points to the fact that civilizations rise and fall and do clash with one another but more importantly civilizations have coexisted throughout most of history and will continue to do so. The article was more economically focused than I expected but the data that he provide supports his arguments well. In â€Å"the Myth of Global Ethnic Conflict†, John R. Bowen sets out to shatter the ideas of a world enraptured in ethnic conflict. Bowen explains that ethnic conflict did not truly exist until the colonialism classifications of partners within the colonized area. The ethnic difference at the place in which conflict is occurring is much less than other places in the world. He points out that conflict arises when ethnicities are more alike than they are dissimilar. The example he sites is Malaysia, which has a large ethnically diverse population and very little ethnic conflict. The juxtaposition to this is Bosnia in which the three largest ethnicities speak the same language and have intermarried for years. This country is strife with conflict. Bowen presents many thoughts to which I personally consent. The idea that ethnic conflict will claim the world is a daunting thought and I am not sure that I believe it. His ideas seem to make much more sense. In looking in the past it is hard to find anyone of a true ethnicity. No culture has been that isolated. History has had its’ score of qu arrel but it also reminds us that we still exist and that humanity has an uncanny ability to learn and survive from previously made mistakes. Political Issues